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The rise of platforms makes it imperative that managers learn to think differently about their businesses. IBM has learned to embrace open technology platforms, because they give it access to capabilities far beyond it own engineers. The App Store connects ecosystems of developers to ecosystems of end users.
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Amazon’s platform connects ecosystems of retailers to ecosystems of consumers. Platforms are important because they allow us to access ecosystems.
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And what would Apple’s iPhone be without the App Store, where so much of its functionality comes from? Amazon earns the bulk of its profits from third party sellers, Amazon Prime and cloud computing, all of which are platforms. Yet look at successful companies today and they make their money off of platforms.
#Paradigm shift examples in society Pc#
Those first successes could then lead to follow ups-like the PC and the Macintosh-and lead to further dominance. If you look at the great companies of the last century, they often rode to prominence on the back of a single great product, like IBM’s System/360, the Apple II or Sony’s Walkman. It used to be that firms looked to launch hit products. Soon, when we choose to use a specific application, our devices will automatically be switched to the architecture-often, but not always, made available through the cloud-that can run it best. New FPGA chips can be optimized for other applications.
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Quantum computers, which IBM has recently made available in the cloud, work far better for security applications. Neuromorphic chips, based on the brain itself, will be thousands of times more efficient than conventional chips. So the emphasis is moving from developing new applications to developing new architectures that can handle them better. So far, that’s worked well enough, but for the things that we’ve begun asking computers to do, like power self-driving cars, the von Neumann bottleneck is proving to be a major constraint. Till now, all of these applications have taken place on von Neumann machines-devices with a central processing unit paired with data and applications stored in a separate place. In essence, the modern world is little more than the applications that make it possible. The Internet led to email, e-commerce and, eventually, mobile computing. Later innovations, like graphic displays, word processors and spreadsheets, set the stage for personal computers to be widely deployed. That, in turn, dramatically changed how organizations could be managed. For example, after relational databases were developed in 1970, it became possible to store and retrieve massive amounts of information quickly and easily. Since the 1960’s, when Moore wrote his article, the ever expanding power of computers made new applications possible. This is harder than it sounds, because entirely new chip designs have to be devised, but it could increase speeds significantly and allow progress to continue. One approach, called 3D stacking, would simply combine integrated circuits into a single three dimensional chip. So we have to shift our approach from the chip to the system.